Socialization & Relationship Outcomes

Open Access: Yes.

Abstract

Currently, access to pornography is anonymous, widespread, and instantaneous. This content is readily available within a few clicks on a smartphone. In Poland, initiation into online pornography consumption occurs early, with children and adolescents rating its accessibility as easy. The ubiquity and high viewership of online pornography raise questions about its effects not only on sexuality but also on relationships, marriages, and families. This literature review highlights the multifaceted impact of internet pornography on sexual function and interpersonal relationships. These materials can exert heterogeneous effects, such as sexual desensitization, erectile dysfunction, reduced libido, and escalation toward more extreme content among frequent users. Online pornography may precipitate more frequent risky behaviors (sexually transmitted infections, early sexual debut) and promote unrealistic perceptions of sex among young people. Online pornography use, particularly problematic use, diminishes relationship satisfaction and contributes to rising divorce rates. Conversely, subjective assessments often indicate predominantly neutral or positive effects, emphasizing pornography’s role in sexual self-discovery and identity formation. Longitudinal studies are essential, alongside expansion of study populations to encompass individuals and relationships of diverse sexual orientations and preferences. Cultural, social, and normative shifts must also be accounted for in this analysis.

Relevance

“In Poland, ubiquitous online pornography exposure begins at a very young age, with a mean of 11 years.”

This review, focused on Poland, did find some non-harmful effects of pornography use by young people and adults. Nevertheless, the conclusion still stated, “Among adolescents, exposure may normalize violence, emotional detachment, or reduced condom use. In adults, online pornography use has been associated with delayed ejaculation, diminished libido, erectile dysfunction, and lower relationship satisfaction. Pornography involving physical violence (PPhV) may also be associated with reduced male empathy and increased STI incidence. Evidence regarding pornography’s effects on relationships and marriages remains inconclusive and suggests that pornography use may, in some cases, exacerbate preexisting relational tensions, such as emotional distance or mismatched expectations. Furthermore, partners of individuals with compulsive pornography-related behavior may experience emotional distress, including feelings of betrayal, shame, or reduced self-esteem.”

Citation

Broen, J. A., Koperdowska, J., & Farion, K. (2026). Digital sexuality: The influence of pornography on sexual attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Sexual and Mental Health, 24, Article e03326009. https://doi.org/10.5603/jsmh.111478