Sexting

Open Access: Yes

Abstract

Nonconsensual distribution of intimate images (NCII), also known as revenge porn, has become a significant social issue in recent years, with severe consequences for victims. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of NCII victimization among young Italian adults, focusing on the role of sexting, intimate partner violence (IPV), impulsivity, and self-disclosure. An online survey was conducted among a sample of 2047 Italian young adults (F = 29.3 %, M = 53.4 %, Not Indicated=16.9 %; mean age = 24.4, SD = 4.4) using a convenience sample recruited through internet. The survey included questions on NCII victimization, sexting behavior, sextortion, and IPV. Our findings showed that 33.9 % of respondents reported engaging in sexting behavior, with females being three times more likely to engage in sexting than males. Furthermore, 3.3 % of participants reported being victims of NCII, with over one-third of victims experiencing three or more types of NCII victimization. Multiple regression analysis revealed that sexting and IPV were significant predictors of NCII victimization, and the interaction effect between self-disclosure and impulsivity was also a significant predictor. This study contributes to the understanding of NCII in Italy and highlights the need for interventions and prevention strategies to address both NCII and IPV, given their strong continuity. The results also suggest that the relationship between self-disclosure, impulsivity, IPV, and NCII victimization is complex and requires further investigation, suggesting a scenario where the climate of violence may impair the victim’s decision-making.

Relevance

Many participants reported engaging in sexting behavior; however, many also reported receiving pressure from a partner to exchange sexual images, indicating a “gray zone” where abusive relationship dynamics can compromise genuine consent. Victims reported that threats were used to coerce and control the relationship or for financial gain, resulting in nearly one-fifth of the victims reporting being threatened or forced to send images.

“The coping strategies adopted by participants who experienced NCII [nonconsensual distribution of intimate images] victimization were also examined in our study. We found that many victims chose not to talk to anyone about their experience, citing embarrassment as a significant reason for their reluctance to discuss what had happened. However, close friends were the most commonly chosen confidants among those who did speak to someone. The results obtained from our study indicate that informal support networks may play an essential role in helping victims cope with the emotional and psychological distress resulting from NCII victimization.”

“The current study’s findings provide insight into the interplay of the predictors of NCII. Specifically, the multiple regression analysis indicated that sexting and intra-partner violence were significant predictors of NCII. This suggests that the risk of NCII victimization is combined with other forms of abuse, where sexting also can be coerced by the aggressor.”

Citation

Brighi, A., Amadori, A., Summerer, K., & Menin, D. (2023). Prevalence and risk factors for nonconsensual distribution of intimate images among Italian young adults: Implications for prevention and intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 23(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100414