Cybersex, Virtual Reality (VR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Sex Robots, Sex Dolls
Prevalence of first- and second-wave digisexualities in Germany and their relation to Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Findings from a National Online Survey.
Open Access: Yes.
Abstract
Background: Problematic use of online pornography is considered a hallmark symptom of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), but the role of other digisexual behaviors in CSBD remains largely unknown. Digisexuality encompasses a range of technologies mediating sexuality, such as online pornography and sexting (first-wave digisexualities), and simulating sexuality, such as virtual reality (VR-)pornography and highly realistic sex dolls/robots (second-wave digisexualities). The prevalence of these evolving behaviors across different generations and the relation to CSBD is still unclear.
Method: We conducted an online survey in 2023 with a sample of N = 3,564 individuals from Germany, selected to represent the German population by age, gender and regional distribution. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and frequency of digisexual behaviors and their relationship with CSB assessed with the CSBD-19 scale.
Results: First-wave digisexualities showed prevalences ranging from 19% (sexting erotic pictures) to 66.1% (pornography consumption). Second-wave digisexualities showed lower prevalences, with 5.3% for VR-pornography use and 3.9% for the use of highly realistic sex dolls/robots. Emerging and technologically advanced digisexualities were predominantly reported by younger generations. Additionally, all surveyed digisexualities showed medium (r = 0.308; pornography use) to strong (r = 0.529; casual sex via dating apps) correlations with CSBD-19 scores.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that interventions and research for CSBD need to extend beyond online pornography and include a broader range of digisexual behaviors. As technologized sexual practices continue to evolve, new opportunities and challenges arise, underscoring the need for future research and tailored therapeutic approaches to address potential risks.
Relevance
First-wave digisexualities refer to technologies that mediate and depict sexual relationships, such as video call apps, dating apps, sex webcamming, and pornography. Second-wave digisexualities are “defined by thier immersivity and the simulation of sex” and include virtual reality (VR) pornography, sex dolls, and sex robots. In this study of German adults, 5.3% used VR-pornography and 3.9% used realistic sex dolls or robots. (Translated to the US, those percentages are upwards of 14 and 6.5 million adults respectively.)
The study also found “significant positive associations” between compulsive sexual behavior disorder scores and the use of conventional pornography, VR pornography, sex robots and sex dolls.
Additionally, a “strong correlation” was found between the use of VR-pornography and the use of highly realistic sex dolls/robots.
Citation
Desbuleux, J. C., Desbuleux, J. F. M., & Fuss, J. (2025). Prevalence of first- and second-wave digisexualities in Germany and their relation to Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Findings from a National Online Survey. Journal of behavioral addictions, 14(2), 1040–1050. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2025.00048
