Cybercrimes
Psychological Violence in Image-Based Sexual Abuse (IBSA): The Role of Psychological Traits and Social Communications—A Narrative Review.
Open Access: Yes.
Abstract
This narrative review has examined the psychological and emotional effects of non-consensual distribution of intimate images, a phenomenon known as Image-Based Sexual Abuse (IBSA). It is an increasingly frequent phenomenon, and in detail, it consists of when a person uploads nude/semi-nude photos of someone online; therefore, it is similar to nonconsensual pornography. According to the scientific literature, this phenomenon has caused victims to experience trust issues, anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, social withdrawal, public shame and humiliation, depression, fear, anxiety, stress, inability to find new romantic partners, and several other mental health effects. The aim of this study was to study the psychological consequences of Image-Based Sexual Abuse on victims. This study is a narrative review conducted in accordance with the SANRA guidelines. Findings have shown that revenge pornography and non-consensual intimate images have had devastating impacts on victims’ mental health.
Relevance
“Although revenge porn is widely minimized, its effects on mental health and quality of life leave indelible traces in those who are victims: empirical studies have testified that the consequences are comparable to those of typically known physical violence. The pattern of anxiety, depression, loss of control, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal thoughts, extremely dysfunctional coping strategies and alcohol abuse, radically disrupt the everyday life of the women who suddenly find themselves imprisoned in a tunnel, in which the way out seems impossible to reach.”
“This review shows that Image-Based Sexual Abuse (IBSA), including revenge pornography and non-consensual distribution of intimate images, is associated with significant psychological consequences, often comparable to those experienced by victims of sexual violence. The findings highlight the prevalence of emotional distress, anxiety symptoms, depression and post-traumatic stress among victims, underlining the impact on mental health. This study contributes to the understanding of IBSA, especially with regard to cross-cultural perspectives and longitudinal analyses. The literature review emphasizes the need for prevention strategies, support systems for victims, and developing educational interventions to promote digital ethics and respect for individual autonomy.”
Citation
Mento, C., Praticò, M., Silvestri, M. C., Lombardo, C., & Pira, F. (2025). Psychological Violence in Image-Based Sexual Abuse (IBSA): The Role of Psychological Traits and Social Communications—A Narrative Review. Healthcare, 13(17), 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172083
